), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 167194. Pitch contours illustrating effects of non-depressor and depressor /h/ in Swati S43 (male speaker). 31: 111137. Resources listed below are intended to contribute to foundational awareness of potential cultural and linguistic influences. Ian Maddieson (1891) Introductory Grammar of the Ngoni (Zulu) Language, as Spoken in Momberas Country. Lee Vietti O. In Kalanga S16, on the other hand, the vowels are crowded into the upper part of the vowel space, with the front pair in particular being very close together. 71(1): 5081. (2012) Acoustic Properties of Implosives in Bantu Mpiemo. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. She also uses electropalatography (EPG) to show the susceptibility of stops to coarticulation varies not only by place of articulation, but also according to voice category; aspirated stops are the least susceptible to coarticulation and voiced stops are the most (Monaka 2001). Van de Velde, M. Yaound: ALCAM, Unit de recherche linguistique et phontique, Institut des Sciences humaines. Meinhof, C. A widespread characteristic of Bantu phonology is vowel height harmony (broadly construed). When the sequence is voiced, as in /mg bg/, a quite marked central vocoid separates the two segments. Redford, M. A. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies Edition 1st Edition. Sands, B. In The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015 (ed. This term was originally applied to consonants which have a particularly salient lowering effect on the pitch of the voice in their neighbourhood (Lanham 1958). Journal of Phonetics (forth.). (eds. Shosted, R. K. However, as was observed long ago by Doke (1931b, 1931a), the phonetic patterns vary quite considerably across the different varieties of Shona S10. Other studies of coarticulation in Bantu languages have not looked at voicing contrasts (Manuel 1987, Beddor et al. Faytak, M. The pharynx width, measured as the distance from the tongue root surface to the back wall of the pharynx at the height of the top of the epiglottis, in /e/ is intermediate between that in /i/ and //, and that in /o/ is intermediate between /u/ and //. In Zulu S42, implosive [] tends to have a shorter closure duration and lower amplitude burst than plosive [b] (Naidoo 2010). a given language is to be accepted as Bantu. In (2000) An Explanation of Bantu Vowel Height Harmony in Terms of a Pre-Bantu Nasalized Vowel Lowering. Although lip positions have not been reported for Tshwa S51, the acoustic findings are similar to those in Tsonga S53 in that the whistling fricatives have narrower spectral peak bandwidths and lower spectral peak frequencies when compared to their non-whistled fricative counterparts (Shosted 2006). Typically, studies of intonation in Bantu languages tend to look at F0 and duration; measures of intensity and spectral tilt are less often used to identify prosodic cues (Zerbian & Barnard 2008). Lee-Kim, S.-I. (1993) Phonetics of Partially Nasal Consonants. In & It is also not possible to definitively state the number of Bantu languages with clicks; clicks may occur in some varieties and not others, as in the case of Fwe K402 (Pakendorf et al. M. (1978) Experimental Study of Implosive and Voiced Egressive Stops in Shona: An Interim Report. Kishindo, P. J. High front vowels condition tap allophones of /l/ in Ganda JE15 (Myers 2015) and Tsonga S53 (Bennett & Lee 2015), and of /r/ in the Washili variety of Ngazidja G44a (Patin 2013). Firstly, it allows the amplitude of vocal fold vibration to increase during the closure, giving a particularly strong percept of voicing at the time of the release. J. Wetzels, L. W. ), Handbook of Click Languages. compares the pitch contours of the Swati S43 words /lhl/ aloe and /lhl/ harrow, where / / is a diacritic to mark the fact that the consonant is a depressor in the second word. (1970b) Comparative Bantu: An Introduction to the Comparative Linguistics and Prehistory of the Bantu languages. A. & M.-L. A. (1999) The Phonetic Status of the Labial Flap. In Our recommended IPA transcription and corresponding Zulu S42 orthographic symbols is given in Downing, L. J. Roux, J. C. Spectrogram of Kalanga S16 [hapka] ampit, spoken by a female speaker from Zimbabwe. For example, in Chewa N31b, as is common cross-linguistically, the High pitch peak is realised at the end of the syllable to which it is associated (Kim 1998, Myers 1999a). (1989) An Acoustic and Perceptual Analysis of Xhosa Vowels. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 116. The Bantu verb consists of a root that can be accompanied by affixes with various lexical and grammatical functions. A. First Published 1959. eBook Published 22 September 2017. . Figure 3.6 (2008) Shekgalagari Grammar: A Descriptive Analysis of the Language and its Vocabulary. Figure 3.17 & (2017) How Do You Whisper a Click? Figure 3.1 Figure 3.13 shows, the shift from sealed to open occurs rapidly and completely, here between the two frames numbered 170 and 180. Toda (1999) Phnomnes de contact entre les langues minyanka et bambara (Sud du Mali). . D. , In Tswana S31, declarative sentences are primarily marked by penultimate lengthening and a reduced or devoiced final vowel (Zerbian 2016). Bonn: ISCA-Secretariat. Bantu - McGill University Trenton; Asmara: Africa World Press. African Studies She shows that voiceless palatal and velar stops tend to have longer VOT measurements than bilabial, dental or uvular stops (Monaka 2005). In languages which have lost the contrast, each TBU is both a syllable and a mora (and pre-consonantal nasals are typically non-syllabic). . Fragment C is the voiced portion of the vowel /a/. The functional load of clicks varies across languages, as detailed in Pakendorf et al. (2011) Interaction of Variables in the Civili Vowel Duration. South African Journal of African Languages (eds. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand Press. and Aspects of prosody to be covered here include: patterning of tones, phonetic implementation of tones, positional restrictions, intonation, focus prosody and question prosody. Bantu Phonology | Oxford Handbook Topics in Linguistics | Oxford Academic You can find out more in our Privacy Policy. The mean formant values for Xhosa S41 vowels given by Roux and Holtzhausen (1989) are plotted in this way in & P. The Bantu peoples, or Bantu, are an ethnolinguistic grouping of approximately 400 distinct ethnic groups who speak Bantu languages, consisting of some 600 languages with varied mutual intelligibility.The languages are native to 24 countries spread over a vast area from Central Africa to Southeast Africa and into Southern Africa. Yeyi R41 contrasts clicks with a velar fricated and ejective velar fricated release (/ Elderkin Paper presented at the Annual Conference of African Linguistics 47, University of California, Berkeley. Hinnebusch van der Hulst, H. G. (eds. & (1990) What Do We Symbolize? 6d. The waveform of an intervocalic bilabial implosive in Tonga S62 is shown in 38(1): 825. Volume 2: Bantu Prehistory, Inventory and Indexes. Tonga M64 does not preserve Proto-Bantu vowel length, but has developed long vowels from intervocalic consonant loss. E. Waveform and spectrogram of the middle syllable of the Fwe K402 word [ruoma] papyrus, spoken by a male speaker. J. S. The Classification of the Bantu Languages. . Philippson Lindblom Hertford: Stephen Austen and Sons. & (eds. Since these segments make for easy tracking of F0 through the consonant, the centring of the depression on the consonant can be most easily visualised with them. Makuya Engstrand and Lodhi (1985) study one such contrast in Swahili G42 and Monaka (2001, 2005) examines a three-way contrast in Kgalagari S311. 8: 525562. , The pharyngealised vowel is longer than the plain vowel, which reflects the origin of the pharyngealisation from a reduced velar stops in C2 position in roots of the shape C1VC2V (Duke & Martin 2012: 220). A discussion of Bantu phonetics would not be complete without reference to some of the studies of the major prosodic characteristics of the languages. This illustrates one instance where the occurrence of cross-linguistically less common phonetic segments may be disguised by notational practices. Andy Rialland . (1987) on depressor consonants in Zulu S42. Huffman, M. K. Gick, B. (2010) Accent in African Languages. Chichewa is a Bantu language spoken principally in the area of Africa lying in the Great Rift Valley. M. A. & Skhosana, P. B. Source: Image made available by Gilles-Maurice de Schryver (cf. Differences in lip posture appear to enhance the contrast between labio-dental /f v/ and labial fricatives / / in Kwangali K33 and in Manyo K332 (Ladefoged 1990). Ultrasound images of Nande JD42 vowels a) ATR /e/ b) RTR /e/, taken along the mid-sagittal plane. 36: 721734. & One of the most striking things about clicks in Bantu is the lack of respect for place distinctions when few categorical contrasts exist. Waveform of the middle part of the Tonga S62 word // father, illustrating the increasing amplitude of voicing during the implosive. , Iskarous Thomas-Vilakatis aerodynamic data also reflect the different dynamics of the affricated and abrupt clicks. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies Paulian, C. A. C. In Ngungwel B72a, there are three oral and three nasal vowels in prefixes [e a o e ]. Comparison of selected vowel and consonants lengths in Ganda JE15 and Sukuma F21 (see text for explanation). Languages of the North-West, the Eastern coastal area and the South-East often have at least one implosive, most frequently a bilabial, but implosives are generally absent in the languages of the Congo basin and the South-West. Gouskova Nyamwezi F22 vowel formant means according to measurements by the first author. Monakas detailed study combines acoustic data with data about larynx height and vocal fold vibrations obtained using a laryngograph. Since a rounded lip posture can also be seen in non-whistled fricatives, such as in the sequence [usu], the labial constriction alone cannot account for the whistle-like concentration of the frication noise, but it must be due to a particular linguopalatal configuration that is yet undescribed. ), Proceedings of the 24th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 129138. , Sands The Bantu Languages 88: 12861298. A. The accompaniment refers to all the other aspects of the click: laryngeal action and timing, nasal coupling, and the location (uvular or velar) and manner of release (abrupt or affricated) of the back closure. South African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies (2016) Information Structure in Bantu Languages. Mathangwane, J. T. A voiced pharyngeal fricative // is found in Nyokon A45 (Lovestrand 2011). This process does not result in double articulations that are almost totally overlapped, as in labial-velars, but sequential articulations which are overlapped either not at all or no more than is typical of sequences such as /tk/ or /pk/ in English words like fruitcake or hopkiln. On the other hand, it does produce rather unusual consonant sequences in onset positions. Journal of Phonetics I. shows very clearly that independent tongue root adjustment does not contribute to the distinctions between any members of the front vowel set /i e /, nor the back vowel set /u o /. S. , Odden, D. Figure 3.2 Persson, J. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Hyman Figure 3.9 (1998) Phonetic Assessment of Tone Spreading. (2015) A surface constraint in Xitsonga: *Li. 8s. Leiden: Brill. Librarian resources . R. W. P. Final lowering associated with a L% boundary tone at the end of a sentence in Ngazidja G44a is often associated with a devoiced final syllable (Patin 2016). A closure in the vocal tract is formed by the back of the tongue contacting the roof of the mouth in the velar or uvular area and a second closure is formed in front of the location of this closure by the tip or blade of the tongue or the lips, as shown at timestep 1. Narrowing the pharynx raises the first formant, other things being equal. (1899) Grundri einer Lautlehre der Bantusprachen nebst Anleitung zur Aufnahme von Bantusprachen Anhang : Verzeichnis von Bantuwortstmmen Rialland Elordieta Doke, C. M. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 365392. 19(1): 119. Personal or student reference I refer students to this publication for new research articles or for my work, Benefit library's collection Acquisition of this publication will benefit department, faculty and student needs, Affiliation Nurse, D. The palatal click type may be found as a variant of // used in child-directed speech in Zulu and Xhosa (Bradfield 2014: 27). In Zulu, for instance, the lexical function is shown in the contrast between yng doctor and yng moon or yl refuse and yl begin. The grammatical function is illustrated in mnt person and mnt it is a person or nghlnz I wash and nghlnz I washing (the participial form). Gunnink, H. Swahili has a complex and controversial status in Eastern Africa today. Figure 3.12 B. Thoughts Prompted by Bilabial and Labiodental Fricatives. C. Austin, P. K. Nayak Pretoria: J.L. Ejective stops and affricates are more rarely found in the Bantu languages, although they occur as variants of the unaspirated voiceless stops in languages of the South, especially in post-nasal contexts. Another feature of interest is the presence of a cross-linguistically rare contrast between nasalised and oral glottal approximants (/h/ and /h/) found in Kwangali K33 (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996: 132). Voen Makasso, E.-M. In this variety, lexical stems are marked by a strong tendency for V1 and V2 to be identical except if V2 is /a/, when /i a o u/ are all relatively common as V1, but /e / are not. Table 3.2 Roux ga] dog spoken by a male speaker. A.-M. & Myers, S. In Journal of Phonetics Pholia The mean results are given in Pienaar W. Manuel, S. Y. Like most linguistic maps, this map represents a somewhat fictitious ethnographic idealisation not corresponding precisely with any exact time or population distribution. Premire Partie: Grammaires Soubiya et Louyi. 25, Minneapolis. (eds. (1985) On aspiration in Swahili: Hypotheses, Field Observations and an Instrumental Analysis. 13: 3972. 55: 119148. Except in post-nasal environments and sometimes before his reconstructed super-high vowels, the reconstructed voiced plosives most commonly correspond to voiced continuants of one type or another or to implosives in the modern languages.
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